Webliography
Guiding question: ‘The machine/organism relationships are obsolete, unnecessary’ writes Haraway. In what ways have our relations to machines been theorised.
1. Socially intelligent robots: dimensions of human–robot interaction
This article differs from the others as it is focusing on robots and humans relationships with them. Under the title the author’s name, education and university attended is shown, so the reader knows that the author is educated and that this source will be reliable for a research essay. The article is from a science journal, published online in 2007, so it is a fairly recent document and being a science article is contains lots of theories and analysis. The article focuses on robots, human robot interaction, research, the social relationships between humans and robots and the reasons behind this. The source would be useful to use for the essay question as it focuses on machine and human relationships and supports my argument that human/machine relations are not unnecessary or obsolete. The article is specific and has strong arguments, is informative on robot-human relationships and also is critical and analytical providing reason. At the end of the article there are 3 pages of references, so the reader can then find out more information about the topics and issues presented in the text. Overall this article will be very useful for the essay question because it is specific however focuses on what will need to be discussed in the essay.
2. Human-machine reconfigurations: plans and situated actions
In the first few sentences of the introduction Suchman states “As our relations with machines elaborate and intensify questions of the human like capacities of machines, and machine like attributes of humans arise”. This source is useful as it provides a lot of information on the similarities between humans and machines and provides examples of case studies which explore human/machine interaction. In terms of interaction, Suchman states that we are yet to realize the creation of an interactive machine, and at this stage machines do not have the interaction humans have with one another. Being a book, this text is reliable as it is published and the author is educated and provides evidence to support her ideas and discusses views of other researchers. The text is quite critical and has a strong sense of argument, so it is useful as a scholarly source because the ideas that are presented will support my argument that machine/organism relationships are not obsolete or unnecessary. The aim of the book is “to rethink the intricate, and increasingly intimate, configurations of the human and the machine”, which relates to the essay questions subject matter. The text was published in 2007, so it is fairly new, and will be up to date with the issues that are circulating society in relation to humans and machines. It is published by Cambridge University press which tells me that it is a book that will be reliable in my research because it is published by a successful publisher.
This article focuses on space travel and the idea of adapting man to his environment. It is not directly focused on human’s relations to machines however it has some useful examples and ideas that can be discussed in the essay. It talks about the cyborgs and how they will enable men to achieve things they may not normally be able to achieve, as well as enhancing bodily functions. It is stated the purpose of a cyborgs is “ to provide an organisational system in which such robot- like problems are taken care of automatically and unconsciously, leaving man free to explore, to create, to think and to feel”. There is an argument that supports human’s relations to machines in relation to the way machines will make space travel easier. This source is an article that was released in September 1960. It is interesting because the ideas of human/machine relations were being put forward 50 years ago, so it is useful in providing a sense of history and context for the essay. At the beginning of the article there is a photograph of the two authors and a small paragraph on their education and achievements. The two authors have a high education level and are successful so this gives the article credibility and authenticity, making it a reliable source to use in a research essay. The article is on “Scribd” which is a website that consists of articles and books, so the intention of the site is to provide access to articles and sources, for research purposes. Overall this source is relevant and reliable; it is useful in providing examples and views towards cyborgs and human’s relations to machines.
4. Visions: how science will revolutionize the twenty-first century
In contrast from the “Cyborgs and Space” article, this source is a book from Google books, so it is a reliable source primarily due to the fact it is a published book, the author is educated and did scientific research which is shown by an extensive list of scientists that are thanked at the start of the book. The chapter of most use for the essay is chapter 4 ‘Machines that think’. The book makes a lot of predictions for the future, in terms of technology and society. Chapter 4 focuses on the development of machines and how “they will learn from their constant interaction with humans”. In the chapter machines seems to be personified, and connected with humans, so the ideas and issues are relevant to the essay question. The book would be useful because it focuses on machines and their features, the possibilities for the future, and scientist’s arguments and views towards machines and humans. The predictions and information support my argument that machine/organism relationships are not obsolete or unnecessary because the book talks about the impact machines and technologies have on our lives in present and future societies. The book was published by Oxford University press in Great Britain, so as a researcher I know that the material is reliable due to Oxfords great reputation.
5. The role of voice input for human-machine communication
This article offers a different perspective on human-machine relationships, discussing the role of voice in the interaction between humans and machines communication. The article “aims to identify applications for which spoken interaction is advantageous”, and discusses why verbal communication between computers and humans would be beneficial and goes into detail about this. The article begins by stating “Optimism is growing that the near future will witness rapid growth in human computer interaction using voice”. The human-machine relations have been theorised to be established by verbal communication. This argument is useful and the examples and evidence used in this article will be useful for the essay as it will support the argument. The article comes from a science journal, consisting of facts, statistics, and analysis towards the topic; it is a researched article containing 2 pages of references at the end of the article. At the beginning of the text the authors workplace is mentioned and it seems to be high up and a place of education, so this gives the authors credibility. The article is suitable for research work as it has a strong argument and engages with the subject rather than describing it. The text was published in the journal in October 1995 however the article is a condensed version of a text that was presented in 1993 by another author. Despite it being a 15 year old article it still is useful for the essay as it engages with the essay question and contains information that will support the argument.
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